424 строки
16 KiB
TeX
424 строки
16 KiB
TeX
% -*- latex -*-
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%
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% Copyright (c) 2004-2005 The Trustees of Indiana University and Indiana
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% University Research and Technology
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% Corporation. All rights reserved.
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% Copyright (c) 2004-2005 The University of Tennessee and The University
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% of Tennessee Research Foundation. All rights
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% reserved.
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% Copyright (c) 2004-2005 High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart,
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% University of Stuttgart. All rights reserved.
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% Copyright (c) 2004-2005 The Regents of the University of California.
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% All rights reserved.
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% $COPYRIGHT$
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%
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% Additional copyrights may follow
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%
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% $HEADER$
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%
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\chapter{Modular Component Architecture (MCA) Overview}
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\label{sec:mca}
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\index{MCA!overview|(}
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\index{Modular Component Architecture|see {MCA}}
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The Modular Component Architecture (MCA) makes up the core of Open MPI.
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It influences how many commands and MPI processes are executed. This
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chapter provides an overview of what MCA is and what users need to
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know about how to use it to maximize performance of MPI applications.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Frameworks and Components}
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\index{MCA!component frameworks}
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The MCA provides component frameworks for the Open MPI run-time
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environment (otherwise known as the Open Run-Time Environment, or
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ORTE) and the MPI communications layer. Components are selected from
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each type at run-time and used to effect the RTE and MPI library.
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{\Huge JMS Right ideas, but needs much overhauling}
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There are currently four types of components used by
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Open MPI:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \kind{boot}: Starting the Open MPI run-time environment, used mainly
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with the \cmd{lamboot} command.
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\item \kind{coll}: MPI collective communications, only used within MPI
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processes.
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\item \kind{cr}: Checkpoint/restart functionality, used both within
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Open MPI commands and MPI processes.
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\item \kind{rpi}: MPI point-to-point communications, only used within
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MPI processes.
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\end{itemize}
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The Open MPI distribution includes instances of each component type
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referred to as modules. Each module is an implementation of the
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component type which can be selected and used at run-time to provide
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services to the Open MPI RTE and MPI communications layer.
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Chapters~\ref{sec:lam-mca} and~\ref{sec:mca-ompi} list the modules that
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are available in the Open MPI distribution.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Terminology}
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\begin{description}
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\item[Available] The term ``available'' is used to describe a module
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that reports (at run-time) that it is able to run in the current
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environment. For example, an RPI module may check to see if
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supporting network hardware is present before reporting that it is
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available or not.
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Chapters~\ref{sec:lam-mca} and~\ref{sec:mca-ompi} list the modules
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that are included in the Open MPI distribution, and detail the
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requirements for each of them to indicate whether they are available
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or not.
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\item[Selected] The term ``selected'' means that a module has been
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chosen to be used at run-time. Depending on the module type, zero
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or more modules may be selected.
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\item[Scope] Each module selection has a scope depending on the type
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of the module. ``Scope'' refers to the duration of the module's
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selection. Table~\ref{tbl:mca-module-scopes} lists the scopes for
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each module type.
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\end{description}
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\begin{table}[htbp]
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\centering
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\begin{tabular}{|l|p{4in}|}
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\hline
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\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{Type} &
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\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{Scope description} \\
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\hline
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\hline
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\kind{boot} & A module is selected at the beginning of
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\cmd{lamboot} (or \cmd{recon}) and is used for the duration of the
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Open MPI universe. \\
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\hline
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\kind{coll} & A module is selected every time an MPI communicator
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is created (including \mpiconst{MPI\_\-COMM\_\-WORLD} and
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\mpiconst{MPI\_\-COMM\_\-SELF}). It remains in use until that
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communicator has been freed. \\
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\hline
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\kind{cr} & Checkpoint/restart modules are selected at the
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beginning of an MPI job and remain in use until the job
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completes. \\
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\hline
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\kind{rpi} & RPI modules are selected during \mpifunc{MPI\_\-INIT}
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and remain in use until \mpifunc{MPI\_\-FINALIZE} returns. \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\caption{MCA module types and their corresponding scopes.}
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\label{tbl:mca-module-scopes}
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\end{table}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{MCA Parameters}
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\label{sec:commands-mca-module-parameters}
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\index{MCA!parameter overview}
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One of the founding principles of MCA is to allow the passing of
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run-time parameters through the MCA framework. This allows both the
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selection of which modules will be used at run-time (by passing
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parameters to the MCA framework itself) as well as tuning run-time
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performance of individual modules (by passing parameters to each
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module).
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%
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Although the specific usage of each MCA module parameter is defined by
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either the framework or the module that it is passed to, the value of
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most parameters will be resolved by the following:
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item If a valid value is provided via a run-time MCA parameter, use
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that.
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\item Otherwise, attempt to calculate a meaningful value at run-time
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or use a compiled-in default value.\footnote{Note that many MCA
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modules provide configure flags to set compile-time defaults
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for ``tweakable'' parameters.
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See~\cite{lamteam03:_lam_mpi_install_guide}.}
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\end{enumerate}
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As such, it is typically possible to set a parameter's default value
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when Open MPI is configured/compiled, but use a different value at run
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time.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Naming Conventions}
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MCA parameter names are generally strings containing only letters and
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underscores, and can typically be broken down into three parts. For
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example, the parameter \mcaparam{boot\_\-rsh\_\-agent} can be broken
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into its three components:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item MCA module type: The first string of the name. In this case, it
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is \mcaparam{boot}.
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\item MCA module name: The second string of the name, corresponding to
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a specific MCA module. In this case, it is \mcaparam{rsh}.
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\item Parameter name: The last string in the name. It may be an
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arbitrary string, and include multiple underscores. In this case,
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it is \mcaparam{agent}.
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\end{itemize}
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Although the parameter name is technically only the last part of the
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string, it is only proper to refer to it within its overall context.
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Hence, it is correct to say ``the \mcaparam{boot\_\-rsh\_\-agent}
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parameter'' as well as ``the \mcaparam{agent} parameter to the
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\boot{rsh} boot module''.
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Note that the reserved string \mcaparam{base} may appear as a module
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name, referring to the fact that the parameter applies to all modules
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of a give type.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Setting Parameter Values}
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MCA parameters each have a unique name and can take a single string
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value. The parameter/value pairs can be passed by multiple different
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mechanisms. Depending on the target module and the specific
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parameter, mechanisms may include:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Using command line flags when Open MPI was configured.
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\item Setting environment variables before invoking Open MPI commands.
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\item Using the \cmdarg{-mca} command line switch to various Open MPI
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commands.
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\item Setting attributes on MPI communicators.
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\end{itemize}
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Users are most likely to utilize the latter three methods. Each is
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described in detail, below. Listings and explanations of available
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MCA parameters are provided in Chapters~\ref{sec:lam-mca}
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and~\ref{sec:mca-ompi} (pages~\pageref{sec:lam-mca}
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and~\pageref{sec:mca-ompi}, respectively), categorized by MCA type and
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module.
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%%%%%
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\subsubsection{Environment Variables}
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MCA parameters can be passed via environment variables prefixed with
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\envvar{Open MPI\_\-MPI\_\-MCA}. For example, selecting which RPI module
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to use in an MPI job can be accomplished by setting the environment
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variable \envvar{Open MPI\_\-MPI\_\-MCA\_\-rpi} to a valid RPI module name
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(e.g., \cmdarg{tcp}).
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Note that environment variables must be set {\em before} invoking the
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corresponding Open MPI commands that will use them.
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%%%%%
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\subsubsection{\cmdarg{-mca} Command Line Switch}
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Open MPI commands that interact with MCA modules accept the
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\cmdarg{-mca} command line switch. This switch expects two parameters
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to follow: the name of the MCA parameter and its corresponding value.
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For example:
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\lstset{style=lam-cmdline}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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shell$ mpirun C -mca rpi tcp my_mpi_program
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\end{lstlisting}
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% stupid emacs mode: $
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\noindent runs the \cmd{my\_\-mpi\_\-program} on all available CPUs in
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the Open MPI universe using the \rpi{tcp} RPI module.
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%%%%%
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\subsubsection{Communicator Attributes}
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Some MCA types accept MCA parameters via MPI communicator attributes
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(notably the MPI collective communication modules). These parameters
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follow the same rules and restrictions as normal MPI attributes. Note
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that for portability between 32 and 64 bit systems, care should be
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taken when setting and getting attribute values. The following is an
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example of portable attribute C code:
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\lstset{style=lam-c}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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int flag, attribute_val;
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void *set_attribute;
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void **get_attribute;
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MPI_Comm comm = MPI_COMM_WORLD;
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int keyval = Open MPI_MPI_MCA_COLL_BASE_ASSOCIATIVE;
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/* Set the value */
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set_attribute = (void *) 1;
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MPI_Comm_set_attr(comm, keyval, &set_attribute);
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/* Get the value */
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get_attribute = NULL;
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MPI_Comm_get_attr(comm, keyval, &get_attribute, &flag);
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if (flag == 1) {
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attribute_val = (int) *get_attribute;
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printf(``Got the attribute value: %d\n'', attribute_val);
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}
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\end{lstlisting}
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% stupid emacs mode: $
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Specifically, the following code is neither correct nor portable:
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\lstset{style=lam-c}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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int flag, attribute_val;
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MPI_Comm comm = MPI_COMM_WORLD;
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int keyval = Open MPI_MPI_MCA_COLL_BASE_ASSOCIATIVE;
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/* Set the value */
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attribute_val = 1;
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MPI_Comm_set_attr(comm, keyval, &attribute_val);
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/* Get the value */
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attribute_val = -1;
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MPI_Comm_get_attr(comm, keyval, &attribute_val, &flag);
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if (flag == 1)
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printf(``Got the attribute value: %d\n'', attribute_val);
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\end{lstlisting}
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% stupid emacs mode: $
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\index{MCA!overview|)}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Modules}
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\changebegin{7.1}
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Open MPI has the capability of building MCA modules statically as part of
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the MPI libraries or as dynamic shared objects (DSOs). DSOs are
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discovered and loaded into Open MPI processes at run-time. This allows
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adding (or removing) functionality from an existing Open MPI installation
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without the need to recompile or re-link user applications.
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The default location for DSO MCA modules is \file{\$prefix/lib/lam}.
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If otherwise unspecified, this is where Open MPI will look for DSO MCA
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modules. However, the MCA parameter
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\imcaparam{base\_\-module\_\-path} can be used to specify a new
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colon-delimited path to look for DSO MCA modules. This allows users
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to specify their own location for modules, if desired.
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Note that specifying this parameter overrides the default location.
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If users wish to augment their search path, they will need to include
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the default location in the path specification.
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\lstset{style=lam-cmdline}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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shell$ mpirun C -mca base_module_path $prefix/lib/lam:$HOME/my_lam_modules ...
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\end{lstlisting}
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% stupid emacs mode: $
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\changeend{7.1}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Selecting Modules}
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As implied by the previous sections, modules are selected at run-time
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either by examining (in order) user-specified parameters, run-time
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calculations, and compiled-in defaults. The selection process
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involves a flexible negotitation phase which can be both tweaked and
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arbitrarily overriden by the user and system administrator.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Specifying Modules}
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Each MCA type has an implicit MCA parameter corresponding to the type
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name indicating which module(s) to be considered for selection. For
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example, to specify in that the \rpi{tcp} RPI module should be used,
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the MCA parameter \mcaparam{rpi} should be set to the value
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\mcaparam{tcp}. For example:
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\lstset{style=lam-cmdline}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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shell$ mpirun C -mca rpi tcp my_mpi_program
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\end{lstlisting}
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% stupid emacs mode: $
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The same is true for the other MCA types (\kind{boot}, \kind{cr}, and
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\kind{coll}), with the exception that the \kind{coll} type can be used
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to specify a comma-separated list of modules to be considered as each
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MPI communicator is created (including
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\mpiconst{MPI\_\-COMM\_\-WORLD}). For example:
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\lstset{style=lam-cmdline}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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shell$ mpirun C -mca coll smp,shmem,lam_basic my_mpi_program
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\end{lstlisting}
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% stupid emacs mode: $
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\noindent indicates that the \coll{smp} and \coll{lam\_\-basic}
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modules will potentially both be considered for selection for each MPI
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communicator.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Setting Priorities}
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Although typically not useful to individual users, system
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administrators may use priorities to set system-wide defaults that
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influence the module selection process in Open MPI jobs.
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Each module has an associated priority which plays role in whether a
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module is selected or not. Specifically, if one or more modules of a
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given type are available for selection, the modules' priorities will
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be at least one of the factors used to determine which module will
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finally be selected. Priorities are in the range $[-1, 100]$, with
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$-1$ indicating that the module should not be considered for
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selection, and $100$ being the highest priority. Ties will be broken
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arbitrarily by the MCA framework.
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A module's priorty can be set run-time through the normal MCA
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parameter mechanisms (i.e., environment variables or using the
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\cmdarg{-mca} parameter). Every module has an implicit priority MCA
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parameter in the form \mcaparam{$<$type$>$\_\-$<$module
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name$>$\_\-priority}.
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For example, a system administrator may set environment variables in
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system-wide shell setup files (e.g., \file{/etc/profile},
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\file{/etc/bashrc}, or \file{/etc/csh.cshrc}) to change the default
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priorities.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Selection Algorithm}
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For each component type, the following general selection algorithm is
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used:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item A list of all available modules is created. If the user
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specified one or more modules for this type, only those modules are
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queried to see if they are available. Otherwise, all modules are
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queried.
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\item The module with the highest priority (and potentially meeting
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other selection criteria, depending on the module's type) will be
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selected.
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\end{itemize}
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Each MCA type may define its own additional selection rules. For
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example, the selection of \kind{coll}, \kind{cr}, and \kind{rpi}
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modules may be inter-dependant, and depend on the supported MPI thread
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level. Chapter~\ref{sec:mca-ompi} (page~\pageref{sec:mca-ompi})
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details the selection algorithm for MPI MCA modules.
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